2NB1 | pdb_00002nb1

P63/p73 hetero-tetramerisation domain

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d2nb1a1	All alpha proteins	p53 tetramerization domain	p53 tetramerization domain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
A	d2nb1a2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C	d2nb1c1	All alpha proteins	p53 tetramerization domain	p53 tetramerization domain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C	d2nb1c2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d2nb1b1	All alpha proteins	p53 tetramerization domain	p53 tetramerization domain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d2nb1b2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d2nb1d1	All alpha proteins	p53 tetramerization domain	p53 tetramerization domain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d2nb1d2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	p53 tetramerization domain	8072271	3000414	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	p53 tetramerization domain	8072271	3000414	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	p53 tetramerization domain	8072269	3000414	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D	SCOP2B Superfamily	p53 tetramerization domain	8072269	3000414	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	P53_tetramer	e2nb1A1	A: alpha duplicates or obligate multimers	X: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	H: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	T: p53 tetramerization domain	F: P53_tetramer	ECOD (1.6)
C	P53_tetramer	e2nb1C1	A: alpha duplicates or obligate multimers	X: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	H: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	T: p53 tetramerization domain	F: P53_tetramer	ECOD (1.6)
B	P53_tetramer	e2nb1B1	A: alpha duplicates or obligate multimers	X: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	H: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	T: p53 tetramerization domain	F: P53_tetramer	ECOD (1.6)
D	P53_tetramer	e2nb1D1	A: alpha duplicates or obligate multimers	X: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	H: p53 tetramerization domain (From Topology)	T: p53 tetramerization domain	F: P53_tetramer	ECOD (1.6)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, C	PF07710	P53 tetramerisation motif (P53_tetramer)	P53 tetramerisation motif	-	Motif
B, D	PF07710	P53 tetramerisation motif (P53_tetramer)	P53 tetramerisation motif	-	Motif

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, C	Tumor protein 63	protein binding binding WW domain binding protein domain specific binding chromatin binding promoter-specific chromatin binding DNA binding nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity cation binding protein binding binding WW domain binding protein domain specific binding chromatin binding promoter-specific chromatin binding DNA binding nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity cation binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding p53 binding sequence-specific DNA binding double-stranded DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding damaged DNA binding	cellular response to stimulus cellular response to stress response to stimulus DNA damage response response to stress cellular process developmental process spermatogenesis sexual reproduction reproductive process multicellular organismal reproductive process developmental process involved in reproduction male gamete generation gamete generation cellular response to stimulus cellular response to stress response to stimulus DNA damage response response to stress cellular process developmental process spermatogenesis sexual reproduction reproductive process multicellular organismal reproductive process developmental process involved in reproduction male gamete generation gamete generation multicellular organismal process limb development appendage development embryonic forelimb morphogenesis embryonic limb morphogenesis embryonic morphogenesis embryonic appendage morphogenesis embryo development multicellular organism development anatomical structure morphogenesis forelimb morphogenesis appendage morphogenesis anatomical structure development limb morphogenesis positive regulation of cell communication regulation of cellular process positive regulation of signal transduction signaling positive regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction regulation of programmed cell death positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway cell communication positive regulation of response to stimulus signal transduction positive regulation of cellular process regulation of biological process regulation of signaling positive regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process biological regulation cell death positive regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication apoptotic process programmed cell death positive regulation of signaling regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway epidermal cell division cell division regulation of epidermal cell division regulation of cell division negative regulation of mesoderm development regulation of developmental process negative regulation of developmental process negative regulation of biological process regulation of mesoderm development tissue development mesoderm development cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly protein-containing complex organization protein complex oligomerization protein tetramerization protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis skeletal system development system development establishment of skin barrier epithelium development skin development skin epidermis development epidermis development animal organ development cell-cell signaling ectoderm and mesoderm interaction cell population proliferation epithelial cell proliferation keratinocyte proliferation genitalia development reproductive system development sex differentiation female genitalia development female sex differentiation reproductive structure development animal organ morphogenesis genitalia morphogenesis female genitalia morphogenesis sympathetic nervous system development autonomic nervous system development nervous system development molting cycle process hair cycle epidermis morphogenesis morphogenesis of an epithelium tissue morphogenesis hair follicle development molting cycle hair cycle process hair follicle morphogenesis regulation of stem cell proliferation positive regulation of cell population proliferation positive regulation of stem cell proliferation stem cell proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis hindlimb morphogenesis cellular developmental process prostate gland development gland development epithelial cell differentiation prostate glandular acinus development cell differentiation epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development squamous basal epithelial stem cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development urogenital system development glandular epithelial cell differentiation stem cell differentiation columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation cellular senescence post-anal tail morphogenesis fibroblast apoptotic process positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process lateral sprouting from an epithelium prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis gland morphogenesis morphogenesis of an epithelial bud animal organ formation morphogenesis of an epithelial fold morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium prostatic bud formation prostate gland morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching structure anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis morphogenesis of a branching epithelium intracellular receptor signaling pathway response to lipid negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction hormone-mediated signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone regulation of intracellular signal transduction response to steroid hormone regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of cellular process nuclear receptor-mediated steroid hormone signaling pathway cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway cellular response to hormone stimulus negative regulation of response to stimulus response to endogenous stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction estrogen receptor signaling pathway cellular response to chemical stimulus response to chemical cellular response to lipid nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway skin morphogenesis RNA metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process cell surface receptor signaling pathway Notch signaling pathway positive regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance regulation of stem cell population maintenance stem cell population maintenance positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance somatic stem cell population maintenance positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal process maintenance of cell number positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process epithelial cell development cell development epidermal cell differentiation keratinocyte differentiation positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation regulation of keratinocyte proliferation regulation of epithelial cell proliferation polarized epithelial cell differentiation morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth odontogenesis cranial skeletal system development regulation of epidermal cell differentiation negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation regulation of cell differentiation regulation of epithelial cell differentiation negative regulation of cell differentiation negative regulation of epidermis development regulation of multicellular organismal development negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation regulation of epidermis development negative regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of keratinocyte differentiation determination of adult lifespan neuron apoptotic process regulation of osteoblast differentiation osteoblast differentiation positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation ossification positive regulation of cell differentiation regulation of cellular senescence negative regulation of cellular senescence regulation of cell cycle phase transition regulation of cell cycle process cell cycle phase transition regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition cell cycle G1/S phase transition positive regulation of cell cycle positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition positive regulation of cell cycle process cell cycle regulation of cell cycle cell cycle process digestive system development tube development cloaca development digestive tract development tube morphogenesis digestive tract morphogenesis cloacal septation signal transduction by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of Notch signaling pathway positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway pattern specification process regionalization proximal/distal pattern formation establishment of planar polarity establishment of tissue polarity chromatin organization chromatin remodeling	somatodendritic compartment cell projection cellular anatomical structure dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm intracellular organelle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin somatodendritic compartment cell projection cellular anatomical structure dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm intracellular organelle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin chromosome membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen protein-containing complex
B, D	Tumor protein p73	DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity cation binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity cation binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding protein binding p53 binding transcription factor binding transcription coregulator binding transcription corepressor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding kinase binding enzyme binding protein kinase binding	cellular response to stimulus cellular response to stress response to stimulus DNA damage response response to stress cellular process multicellular organismal process regulation of cellular process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process negative regulation of biological process regulation of cell differentiation neurogenesis multicellular organism development cellular response to stimulus cellular response to stress response to stimulus DNA damage response response to stress cellular process multicellular organismal process regulation of cellular process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process negative regulation of biological process regulation of cell differentiation neurogenesis multicellular organism development neuron differentiation cell differentiation negative regulation of cellular process anatomical structure development negative regulation of cell differentiation system development developmental process regulation of biological process negative regulation of developmental process biological regulation nervous system development generation of neurons negative regulation of neuron differentiation regulation of neuron differentiation response to chemical response to xenobiotic stimulus cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly protein-containing complex organization protein complex oligomerization protein tetramerization protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis mismatch repair primary metabolic process DNA metabolic process nucleic acid metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process DNA repair regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of biological process regulation of programmed cell death cell death positive regulation of apoptotic process apoptotic process programmed cell death positive regulation of cellular process regulation of growth regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth developmental growth cardiac muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth organ growth striated muscle tissue development negative regulation of organ growth negative regulation of growth regulation of organ growth regulation of heart growth regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation muscle cell proliferation regulation of multicellular organismal process cardiac muscle tissue growth muscle tissue development striated muscle cell proliferation heart development negative regulation of cell population proliferation heart growth regulation of multicellular organismal development cell population proliferation regulation of developmental growth negative regulation of heart growth cardiac muscle tissue development growth animal organ development tissue development circulatory system development negative regulation of developmental growth regulation of cell population proliferation negative regulation of multicellular organismal process negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation respiratory tube development positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation epithelial cell differentiation regulation of epithelial cell differentiation positive regulation of developmental process positive regulation of cell differentiation lung development respiratory system development epithelium development lung ciliated cell differentiation tube development regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation lung epithelium development positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation lung epithelial cell differentiation lung cell differentiation positive regulation of multicellular organismal process columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation kidney development renal system development positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription RNA metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of primary metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of mitotic cell cycle cell cycle regulation of cell cycle mitotic cell cycle positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction signaling regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction regulation of signaling positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of response to stimulus MAPK cascade regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signaling apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway signal transduction by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator positive regulation of nervous system development cell development regulation of neurogenesis regulation of gliogenesis positive regulation of gliogenesis regulation of cell development regulation of nervous system development gliogenesis positive regulation of neurogenesis positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation positive regulation of cell development regulation of glial cell differentiation positive regulation of glial cell differentiation central nervous system development oligodendrocyte differentiation glial cell differentiation regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol intracellular organelle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin chromosome membrane-bounded organelle Golgi apparatus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol intracellular organelle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin chromosome membrane-bounded organelle Golgi apparatus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system cell junction nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, C	IPR012346	p53/RUNT-type transcription factor, DNA-binding domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR036674	p53-like tetramerisation domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR011615	p53, DNA-binding domain	Domain
A, C	IPR001660	Sterile alpha motif domain	Domain
A, C	IPR002117	p53 tumour suppressor family	Family
A, C	IPR008967	p53-like transcription factor, DNA-binding domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR010991	p53, tetramerisation domain	Domain
A, C	IPR037611	Tumour protein p63, SAM domain	Domain
A, C	IPR013761	Sterile alpha motif/pointed domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR012346	p53/RUNT-type transcription factor, DNA-binding domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR036674	p53-like tetramerisation domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR011615	p53, DNA-binding domain	Domain
B, D	IPR001660	Sterile alpha motif domain	Domain
B, D	IPR002117	p53 tumour suppressor family	Family
B, D	IPR037612	Tumour protein p73, SAM domain	Domain
B, D	IPR008967	p53-like transcription factor, DNA-binding domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR010991	p53, tetramerisation domain	Domain
B, D	IPR013761	Sterile alpha motif/pointed domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, C	Pharos: Q9H3D4	ADULT syndrome Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome EEC syndrome squamous cell carcinoma cleft palate ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome limb-mammary syndrome ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip-palate syndrome 3 split hand-foot malformation 4 Skin Abnormalities lung adenocarcinoma squamous cell neoplasm bladder exstrophy breast disease split hand-foot malformation ADULT syndrome Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome EEC syndrome squamous cell carcinoma cleft palate ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome limb-mammary syndrome ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip-palate syndrome 3 split hand-foot malformation 4 Skin Abnormalities lung adenocarcinoma squamous cell neoplasm bladder exstrophy breast disease split hand-foot malformation cleft lip sweat gland neoplasm ovarian cancer carcinoma sarcomatoid carcinoma lung carcinoma tubular adenocarcinoma colorectal cancer adenocarcinoma psoriasis granular cell carcinoma childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia intellectual disability large cell medulloblastoma undifferentiated carcinoma colorectal carcinoma malignant pancreatic neoplasm cribriform carcinoma of breast osteosarcoma esophageal adenocarcinoma pancreatic neoplasm interstitial cystitis lung benign neoplasm malignant colon neoplasm acute lymphoblastic leukemia dermatomyositis myopathy amelogenesis imperfecta non-small cell lung carcinoma Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy breast cancer exocrine pancreatic carcinoma peeling skin syndrome glioblastoma cervical cancer juvenile dermatomyositis cleft lip and alveolus squamous cell lung carcinoma malignant glioma cribriform carcinoma malignant tumor of neck ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip-palate syndrome 1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis orofacial cleft 8 atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor ovarian neoplasm breast carcinoma
B, D	Pharos: O15350	adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Inflammation small cell lung carcinoma breast carcinoma alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma acute T cell leukemia breast cancer primary ciliary dyskinesia lissencephaly spectrum disorders malignant ependymoma small cell carcinoma cancer lung benign neoplasm

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.